• Urban hierarchy and rank-size organization became a core lens for interpreting city size and spacing, integrating Beckmann-like hierarchies with alternative explanations and the notion of 'cities within cities' as nested urban systems [1], [7], [8], [9], [10].

• Urban land markets and rents were identified as primary drivers of spatial form, tying economic theory to density patterns and land-use decisions through causal models and empirical rents studies [6], [7], [14], [20].

• Human experience and perception shaped urban form and life, linking cognitive city images and everyday living to the physical and social structure of cities [12], [13], [18].

• Environmental and boundary-layer studies reveal how urban climate and atmospheric processes interact with city morphology, informing microclimates, heat distribution, and boundary-layer dynamics in urban spaces [2], [17], [19].

• Systematic modeling and empirical work on urban growth and spatial structure sought formal descriptions of city evolution, dynamics, and density transitions across spaces [4], [5], [11], [14], [15].